Es difícil establecer criterios con respecto a la entrada de las ideas del movimiento Rastafari en Cuba antes de 1959. Aunque es conocido el ingreso a Cuba desde 1913 de miles de inmigrantes antillanos, sobre todo jamaicanos y haitianos, es importante subrayar que este flujo migratorio se detuvo bruscamente, sin recuperarse, en los primeros años de la década del ’30 – principalmente a causa de la crisis económica mundial que también tuvo su influencia sobre Cuba -. Hecho que casualmente coincide con el surgimiento del Rastafari. De modo que se torna muy difícil la búsqueda de la entrada de sus ideas en esos años, por lo menos desde el punto de vista de las migraciones.
El sistema cultural y religioso Rastafari llegó a tierras cubanas desde los años 70 del pasado siglo XX, no alcanzó auge hasta 1991 cuando el gobernante Partido Comunista de Cuba aceptó en sus filas a personas de cualquier credo o religión, era impensable en sus inicios, porque se le valoraba como extranjerizante y divergente con el proceso revolucionario cubano. Era realmente difícil que la sociedad en general y las autoridades institucionales aceptaran de la noche a la mañana una cultura de base religiosa, ligada a la persona del entonces “Dios negro” Haile Selassie I; que idealizaba al continente africano”, detalló.
Rastafari ofreció a quienes se le acercaron desde la música y la religión fundamentalmente, la posibilidad de posiciones de reafirmación racial, orgullo negro, de subversión de los patrones eurocéntricos de belleza y la crítica a la hegemonía blanca, entre otras.
En la población joven, sobre todo entre varones negros y mestizos de las capas populares de la sociedad cubana, fue donde más caló esta cultura, surgida en Jamaica y promovida internacionalmente por el cantante de reggae Bob Marley.
Marley es hoy uno de los símbolos de este grupo, también clasificado por algunos especialistas como una de las tantas tribus urbanas.
Las personas rastas, como se les conoce popularmente, también han sido asociadas en Cuba con la criminalidad, la prostitución y la marginalidad.
Sin embargo, resultan comunes entre la población cubana el consumo “inconsciente” de algunos de sus símbolos en prendas de vestir, aretes, collares y bufandas, como por ejemplo, la unión del negro, el rojo y el amarillo, los colores que la identifican.
Aunque en Cuba insistiendo en la construcción de un sistema legal que avalara y defendiera la igualdad racial el estado cubano no ha hecho lo suficiente para eliminar un fenómeno que se encuentra presente en la conciencia social cubana como herencia histórica y que se ha logrado reproducir cotidianamente.
Los rastas estudiados consideran la discriminación racial como un fenómeno manifiesto en la sociedad cubana, sustentado por la constante reproducción de los prejuicios y estereotipos raciales contra el negro.
Las ideas del Rastafari sólo llegaron a extenderse en Cuba durante la década de 1990.
El aumento del número de individuos identificados con ellas desde principios del decenio se debió, en especial, a la apertura económica y al crecimiento del turismo, los cuales han facilitado la circulación de información de otros países y han apoyado el intercambio estilos, modas, etc. También a la presencia en la Isla de un grupo de
estudiantes rastas provenientes de otras regiones del Caribe que han hecho trabajos de traducción al español de literatura acerca del Rastafari; y a los rastas cubanos que han salido a vivir en el exilio ha ayudado a extender su influencia con información.
La importancia de la música para los rastas es fundamental.
BOB MARLEY.
Muchos la consideran como el principal atractivo que llama a la gente a entrar en las ideas del Rastafari. Para ellos, a través del reggae se ha conocido al movimiento en el mundo, pues resulta seductora incluso para quienes no son parte de él. La relevancia de la música no recae solamente en el ritmo y su melodía cargada de influencias africanas y caribeñas, sino principalmente en los mensajes que transmite como identificadora de las ideas y los principios del Rastafari.
Según manifiestan algunos el reggae expresa fuertes mensajes en sus canciones. Cuenta “la historia de los negros por los propios negros”, junto a anécdotas de África, de Selassie; es un medio para denunciar lo mal hecho y traer armonía, paz y tranquilidad.
Las mismas condiciones socioeconómicas, entre otras causas, incidieron modificando el interior del campo religioso, a la vez que este contribuyó, y continúa haciéndolo, a regular la conducta de los actores sociales y a introducir nuevas relaciones. En efecto, es reconocido que ante situaciones caóticas lo sagrado tiende a permanecer e incluso a intensificarse, siendo parte inseparable de la vida individual y colectiva de las personas.
RITA MARLEY (born in Santiago de Cuba)
Bob Marley widow.
De esta manera, la crisis intervino transformando la subjetividad del campo de la religión, el modo de expresarse las ideas y sentimientos religiosos, su producción de sentido, representaciones, símbolos y valores, y también su accionar en el escenario social.
Es por ello que el auge del Rastafari en Cuba podría ser considerado como parte del reavivamiento religioso ocurrido en la década de los ’90, y puede haber funcionado como refugio y medio de protesta de determinados individuos ante la situación de hostilidad que envolvía la realidad social.
Agencies/Various/Wiki/InternetPhotos/youtube/thecubanhistory.com
The Cuban History, Hollywood.
Arnoldo Varona, Editor.
CUBA PHOTOS.
THE RASTAFARI MOVEMENT in Cuba. Bob Marley.
It is difficult to establish criteria regarding entry ideas Rastafari movement in Cuba before 1959. Although known entry to Cuba since 1913 thousands of West Indian immigrants, mostly Jamaicans and Haitians, it is important to stress that this migration is stopped abruptly, not recovered in the early years of the ’30s – mainly because of the global economic crisis also had an influence on Cuba -. Done that happens to coincide with the emergence of Rastafari. So it becomes very difficult to find the entrance of his ideas in those years, at least from the point of view of migration.
The cultural and religious Rastafari system reached Cuban soil since the 70s of last century, did not reach peak until 1991 when the ruling Communist Party of Cuba accepted into its ranks people of any faith or religion, it was unthinkable at the beginning, because it is valued as extranjerizante and divergent with the Cuban revolutionary process. It was really difficult for the general public and institutional authorities’ acceptance of the overnight culture of religious basis, linked to the person of the then “black God” Haile Selassie I; which idealized the African continent, “he explained.
Rastafari offered to those who approached from mainly music and religion, the possibility of positions racial assertiveness, black pride, of subversion of Eurocentric standards of beauty and the critique of white hegemony, among others.
In the young population, especially among black males and mestizo popular strata of Cuban society, where more was permeated this culture arose in Jamaica and internationally promoted by the reggae singer Bob Marley.
Marley is now one of the symbols of this group also rated by some experts as one of the many subcultures.
Dreadlocks people, as they are popularly known, have also been associated with criminality in Cuba, prostitution and marginalization.
However, they are common among the Cuban population consumption “unconscious” of some of its symbols into clothing, earrings, necklaces and scarves, for example, the union of black, red and yellow colors that identify .
While insisting on the construction of a legal system that vouch and defend racial equality in Cuba the Cuban government has not done enough to eliminate a phenomenon that is present in the Cuban social consciousness as historical heritage and has managed to play every day.
Rastas believe studied racial discrimination as a phenomenon evident in Cuban society, sustained by the constant reproduction of racial prejudices and stereotypes against black.
Rastafari ideas just came to spread in Cuba during the 1990s.
Increasing the number of individuals identified with them since the beginning of the decade, due in particular to the economic liberalization and the growth of tourism, which have facilitated the flow of information from other countries and supported the exchange styles, fashions, etc. . Also present on the island of a group of
dreadlocks students from other regions of the Caribbean that have done Spanish translation work of literature on Rastafari; dreadlocks and Cubans who have come to live in exile has helped extend his influence with information.
In the rastafari movement the importance of music is key.
Many consider it as the main attraction calls people into the ideas of Rastafari. For them, through reggae has been known to move in the world, because it is seductive even to those who are not part of it. The importance of music lies not only in rhythm and melody laden with African and Caribbean influences, but mainly in the messages transmitted as identifying the ideas and principles of Rastafari.
BOB MARLEY.
According manifest some reggae expresses strong messages in his songs. Account “the history of blacks by blacks themselves” with stories from Africa, Selassie; it is a means to denounce evil deeds and bring harmony, peace and tranquility.
The same economic conditions, among other factors, influenced by changing within the religious field, while this helped, and continues to regulate the behavior of social actors and introduce new relationships. Indeed, it is recognized that in chaotic situations tends to remain sacred and even intensify, as an inseparable part of individual and collective life of the people.
Thus, the crisis intervened transforming the subjectivity of the field of religion, the way of expressing religious ideas and feelings, their production of meaning representations, symbols and values, and their actions on the social scene.
RITA MARLEY (born in Santiago de Cuba)
Bob Marley widow.
That is why the rise of Rastafari in Cuba could be considered as part of the religious revival occurred in the early ’90s, and might have served as a refuge and a means of protest from certain individuals in the situation of hostility that surrounded the social reality .
Agencies / Various / Wiki / InternetPhotos / youtube / thecubanhistory.com
The Cuban History, Hollywood.
Arnold Varona, Editor.
We would like to refer today to one of the characters most controversial and rightly rejected of the battered Republic of Cuba, but certainly not less important and of vital presence in the twentieth century, twice dictator and once constitutional president, Ruben Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar.
Born in 1901, in Banes and on a farm about 20 miles from Banes beginning of the century, the La Guira, in the countrysite. The son of a sharecropper farmer who had been a sergeant in the Liberation Army and had fought under the command of Jose Maceo. Natural son of this farmer, doubly illegitimate child because his father never married, you know which motivated a large social rejection towards the family, with Carmela Zaldivar and across the four children he had the only one not recognized was the eldest, who was Fulgencio, which was inscribed with the name Rubén Zaldivar and not until 1921 or 1922, in a document of the Army, which is in Batista’s military record where the first official note the name of Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar, a note of the administration of staff where the soldier says Rubén Zaldivar has been registered by mistake with that name and is actually called Ruben Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar. Then in later processes it will undertake to legitimize this name, in the eyes of bourgeois legality and society of the time, or try to justify it.
As the son of a sharecropper farmer I said before, was born into extreme poverty, that is, born with everything against him. He was also a mulatto, mulatto, poor, illegitimate child, and in the most remote region of Cuba, any futurist would have ensured a life of hardship and misfortune. Not so, four or five he began working as an agricultural laborer in the region of Banes, until age seven when his family moved from La Guaira to the town, given his mother’s connections with family Zaldivar Carmela Diaz -Balart, whose trunk was a lawyer or a member of the Bar of the United Fruit Company, politician and chief of the area.
As Carmela links with the family as a maid Diaz-Balart and opposed by the father who always had the worst relationships, Batista gets a college grant the Friends, school founded by Quakers, and the initiative and with the subsidy United Fruit Company. But it is a grant anyone the getting, but is a scholarship for the evening session, school friends, because the day fulfilling the demands of his father still works as an agricultural laborer and this shows two things, the great desire for a part and the other intelligence of this child who will win the primary, learn English and earn a great admiration for the United States. After Carmela dies Zaldivar, and at variance with his father, he abandoned Banes.
First, for a few months and then for the rest of his life and both times, as in the third time, is going to do with family recommendations Diaz-Balart, one of whose sons, grandfather of the late Representative U.S. Chamber of Lincoln and his brother Mario, will lock up a close friendship since childhood that will have major implications in the life of Fulgencio Batista during his life, the life of the latter and the Diaz- Balart.
Work on the Railways and then enter the Army. In the army continues to study and when you stand on the farm de Zayas as you know, there is the famous story of the soldier Zayas calls this moth because it is the only member of the garrison prompted the possibility of having access to the library de Zayas . At this time it is stenographer, typist is, teaches shorthand, typing and English and won a position as stenographer in opposition sergeant and was assigned to the staff first, then to the Cabana Fortress to military courts where you to establish relations with a number of lawyers involved in the political organizations of all kinds of different categories or classifications ideological fighting against Machado and keep in touch with these lawyers, seeking their overcome general and his political advancement.
At this time participating in the ABC, the first path, throughout this first path also Batista always love of money, shares his duties in the Army, as a conspirator with the sale of fruit, a brakeman working with private lessons San Carlos Academy, with another Academy that he founded, in short, does everything he can to make money, and get a machine, a car which will then help him play a prominent role in the September 4, 1933.
In the process of training apart from the series of experiences that accumulates, there is something very important. First Batista was not an intellectual. Now, Batista was not as stated, and I stress this, an illiterate. From 1934 Juan Luis Martin, a journalist of the time, he organized a sort of college for free in Cuba studying History, American History, World History, Geography, Public Speaking, Law, International Law, in order , a string of subjects having to do with the activity of a politician and which has teachers such as Jose Manuel Casanova in the case of the sugar economy, and as Ramiro Guerra y Sanchez in the case of History of Cuba.
According to all the memories from friends and enemies, Fulgencio Batista, was a very cold, very serene, very conniving, an able politician. Around Pablo de la Torriente Brau in one of his writings says that the most skillful politician who has given the revolution of 30, the most skilled, the most conniving of all is Fulgencio Batista in one of his letters, in Letters Crusades. Moreover everyone, circumstantial allies, temporary and permanent allies allies, even enemies, agree that their direct, personal, outside the gallery, was a nice guy, friendly, witty Creole, a charismatic type, something that not correspond either to the public image that we have formed of him or the propaganda that has become logically about her figure.
He was extremely ungrateful, and a man extremely unfair with stinginess. In the judgment of divorce from Elisa Godinez first glimpses of the trial, three, four sessions, a highly controversial judgment in the distribution of inheritance are discussed apartment buildings, are discussed actions, blocks of shares, in short. After Batista discusses the silver spoon set such, the game covered with twelve pieces, the game of tea or coffee set. This stinginess is a part of their proverbial and well proven ambition created him great enemies and great disloyalty historically fatal for him.
José Suárez Núñez, speaker of the tyranny, economic problems remain in exile, shortly after the fall of the dictatorship, demanded money. Batista denied it and Suárez Núñez responded by writing a very interesting book that I recommend to everyone who has asked not to be called “The major culprit” where all the dirt out that he knew Batista, from the fact that for each delivery to the State, the supplier Batista charged a ten percent commission to others, many more outrages and iniquities.
The same happened with Tabernillas, the Tabernillas broke and then asked to pay money to Batista mortgages and loans and stuff. Denied Batista, Batista did not give a penny to anyone, and good responses were a series of letters from denostando Tabernillas Batista. And the same happened with Colonel Barrera, first military leader in the Sierra Maestra who asked for help, and after the overthrow of Batista tyranny and responded just as ungrateful.
His disloyalty and ingratitude hurts demonstrated by its attitude toward Paul Rodriguez in 1934, organized together with him and another group of sergeants on September 4, and Batista takes advantage of that Paul was Machado, Machado openly and publicly apologist Machado and organizer festivals in the Enlisted Club Columbia Machado. It takes advantage of this, his attitude and also unfair to their criminal instincts that I have not touched yet, but it is one of the characteristic features of the figure, is reflected throughout his string of crimes, including murder of Sergeant Mario Alfonso Hernandez The soldier Mario Alfonso Hernandez, who was plotting against him. Fulgencio Batista according to opinions of several of its experts had a central guide, compass center, his ambition for power and money.
Another feature of Batista’s Creole and shares with many other Cuban personalities from the center, left and right which is a womanizer. And the last thing I want to add something interesting, Batista had a brother. Well that is a trait common to the political and nonpolitical, is a very distinctive feature. But there is another very interesting thing is their religious beliefs. Batista was Santero and Spiritualist, and had a brother-they were four Ermerindo, the second died, which was santero and many of the most important political decisions in this country were faced with a range of options, a preferred, alternative and rejected the other because Snails Ermerindo brother decided that the best decision to be taken at a time when the army chief Batista and another President, was this.
And there was, in Galiano Street, a holy woman named Antonia Gonzalez and Antonia Batista put in contact with Maceo, and Batista took many decisions Antonia Maceo mediating under the guidance of Antonia Gonzalez, which is a very interesting about the processes of decision making in this country. This feature resembles Batista other leaders like Frances de Gaulle, who was a spiritualist and American U.S. president, Ronald Reagan, with anonymous figures and power behind the scenes, showing that it is not exclusive to the developed countries have certain beliefs that we can not prove cienficamente and less application in policy decisions. that affect many.
IN HIS FAVOR
Fulgencio Batista was undoubtedly an intelligent man, lights, was a skillful politician despite having no education, came from a poor, rural and marginal. He entered the army as a way out of poverty and became sergeant stenographer there. It’s a guy with a huge star, helped by his audacity and his political skills because he comes to the fore in this country following the fall of Machado, taking advantage of a tumultuous period of the country where the movement of students and sergeants, the latter belong Pablo Rodriguez and Eleuterio Pedraza, Batista gets by in the turmoil that of Columbia students to become a figure.
Batista is one of those characters that arise in turbulent periods of history as a kind of meteorite to appropriate what does not belong. It was also a skilled politician to negotiate, it must have been because he was governing the destinies of Cuba without being officially chosen from 34 to 40, the “strong man”.
Since mid-1934 a committee of the Police Association Foreign invited by the Cuban government had visited the island to study the economic and socio-political landscape of the country to offer possible solutions to the national crisis. After his work, said Commission recommended the implementation of a reconstruction program, proposals drawn reshaping the guidelines to follow for Batista and colleagues from the oligarchic groups, which settled after the revolutionary situation in 1933 and directed the process consolidation of the armed forces began to implement those guidelines that were more convenient.
Initially the work was directed towards the rural population as well as being the most affected by illiteracy and poor health, was most disappointed by traditional politics and did not have a definite orientation after the failure of revolutionary popular movement in 1935. The situation in the field was well known for their social as Batista, so it was very difficult not to become the first sponsor of a major campaign to support and enhancements to the peasantry, including and especially medium and small settlers .
On February 27, 1936 the Council of Secretaries issued Decree Law No. 620 authorizing him to appoint members of the military to provide primary education services in places where there were no schools or likely soon to be established. The same decree law reserved to the Secretary of State the power to inspect the operation of the classrooms from the technical point of view which placed under the direction of the military headquarters rural primary education. To finance the schools were created special funds from the income received by certain taxes. Such a sure way to bring the executive control large sums of money that would be manipulated by the military top. To give an idea of the dynamism undertaken, and by 1937 there were 40 missions and a thousand schools. Batista and his advisers could soon structuring a system of rural education record.
Shortly after the regime applied new social measures directed primarily towards health field whose long neglect ostensibly to beat the Cuban population. On March 30, 1936 by Decree Law No. 705 provided that the direction of health and welfare in cooperation with the Finlay Institute to organize a sanitation service. On that same date the decree law number 706 determined to create the National Tuberculosis and its directors as well as some civilian figures was located a senior army officer. Began operating only with the Sanatorium of Hope in the capital, but also allowed for the construction of a lavish sanatorium in Topes de Collantes, former province of Las Villas, concluded under the first presidency of Batista.
At the same time the decree 707 provided for the organization of the Civic Military Institute was built in the town of Ceiba del Agua for education of orphans of parents, peasants, workers, police officers and enlisted men of the army and navy constitutional died during the performance of work in services. The center had its board of directors headed by an officer appointed on the headquarters and three other officers. This March 30th Legislative Decree number 708 constitute it ordered National Public Assistance Corporation and from August the rural schools and civic military with the four institutions mentioned paramilitaries were subordinate to the Corporate Council on Education, Health and Welfare established as the Central . His leadership rested on a board of five members of whom the majority were army officers Constitution.
The income funds nurtured these institutions ran to account for a percentage of total revenue from the national lottery ranging between one and three percent as well as taxes, levies, fees and revenues that were implemented in different special laws or and utilities provided by charity fairs and festivals and other similar acts. That way the state assumed a proactive role by providing funding sources for corporate institutes. In summary, only the concept of corporate subsidy institutes have arrived home with almost seven million pesos. Was thus opened a vast field for military maneuvers.
Now what is the phenomenon of Batista? In the last stage of his dictatorship Joaquin Martinez Saenz President of the National Bank idea a very effective formula to mobilize large accumulated liquidity in banking since the last years of World War II and force through a complicated system of compulsory state bonds, to direct it to a number of state plans for economic development. This system was doctored to make it a formidable method, unpublished until then to embezzle the funds available, beyond the sterile state budget, so badly beaten by all the politicians in power since the beginning of the Republic, for almost every president before stealing directly of public funds except Carlos Prio who used more subtle methods, now called “influence peddling” or “use of government information for personal gain.” What did Batista? He managed to have a single or majority share in each of the projects of economic and social development sponsored and funded by the state-owned banks, or BANDES, BANFAIC, Bank for Foreign Trade, National Financial. No one in that has no involvement at all had interests except those having to do with U.S. companies.
Afterwards, during the constitutional mandate of 1940 to 44, you’ll find something interesting is going to have within its Executive who will be considered after illustrious figures of the culture of this country as Medardo Vitier, Jorge Manach and Juan Marinello, among others. He achieved in 1938 lay in the same table, and the support and involvement of its Council of Ministers, the Communist Party and the ABC, the two most distant ideologically in the political spectrum. It was particularly bold in difficult situations because it always becomes master of the situation. The same thing happens when you give the coup in 52 where the gap advantage has led to the death of Chibas to attack power. No doubt it was very clever, but mostly it was an extremely ambitious man.
Batista was even a plan to seize the Cuban Telephone Company, a subsidiary of the parent Cuban American, the powerful ITT, a major U.S. transnationals of the time. Batista had been postponed since 1952 requests made by the firm to authorize it to increase their service fees as a precondition for investing in the expansion of telephone service, a kind of corporate blackmail. Batista was confident that, with its delay, come down the value of listed shares by buying them then go gradually, along with its partners, to become the majority group. Vain pretense.
Nothing less than the celebrated Foster Dulles, Secretary of State General Eisenhower ordered him in a personal letter to end of access requests from the ITT. Batista, swift and quick, hurried to sign the red carpet in a Hall of Mirrors that even smelled of gunpowder and blood of battle staged in a luxurious room the day before, March 13, 1957, during the assault on the Presidential Palace .
There is no business of state funding at the time of Batista that he had no involvement. There is a construction in which the builders of the contract holders would not have to give the corresponding bribe Batista and this was done topless. Even went so far that some businesses like Windward he imposed that to give permission had to happen to your property part of the land. The casino business of games, which began to take off in recent years in the first place was a sinecure particular the National Police Chief Salas Cañizares but when this is killed, Batista joined his vast personal income Through his brother Roberto Fernández de Miranda. The number of properties Batista was just amazing, it was becoming the monopoly owner of freight transport by road had only two or three small companies to buy, going on that path in air transportation in the capital and only urban transport in the shipping had achieved little.
HIS PROPERTIES
For your daily grinding capacity, the central Washington, Andorra and Evidence, which belonged to him, Batista became the 14th landowner and 6 th among non-US equity. It also had shares in the Gulf Atlantic Sugar Company, the largest U.S. consortium in its field in Cuba and the second group of ground capacity. And it was probably also holds shares in the central Ulacia and Heart. He owned also one of the 40 largest colonies cane. His interests extended by several real estate companies, developers and building both in Havana and Varadero. Owner, at the spa, Kwama sharing, multiple buildings in the capital and vast land in Miramar, Nuevo Vedado, Puentes Grandes and Expansion of Almendares.
As regards media, the newspapers were his alert and People, People magazine, the RHC Cadena Azul radio stations (Radio Reporter) and the Cuban National Circuit, the Eastern Channel Radio, Union Radio and TV Channel 12 and Publishing Company Noon and Investment Company Radio. Cuba also sole owner of Aeropostale, senior partner of Q Airways, and chief among private partners Cubana de Aviacion. Owner secret of American Society of Road Transport and other transport companies and shipping Vacuba partner.
Among other properties, also belonged to Batista Oasis Motel (Varadero) and the Hotel Colony, Isla de Pinos. The developer Windward Tourist Center (Marina Hemingway). French Beach Land Company. The Tourism Development Company of Trinidad and S. A. The Territorial Beach Gerona. The West Indian Hotel Company, which projected in the Parque Marti, G and Malecon, a hotel of 700 rooms and a cost of 25 million pesos.
If the salary of an Army general was not more than $ 400 pesos a month, and the President of the Republic was in 1958, $ 12,500, how could Batista amass a fortune estimated at 300 million? For data released by William Jimenez in his books IS offers an answer. “The way we took advantage of the funding policy and concessions that promoted the state bank or through their ownership or through third collection of high imposts on employers benefit, for bribery, embezzlement and charges, including those of the forbidden game, which was the main beneficiary, and 30% charging of fees that contractors paid cash for works concessions received, whose credits Batista personally supervised. ”
Fulgencio Batista in his first marriage to Elisa Godinez had three children, Mirta Caridad (April 1927-2010), Elisa Aleida (born 1933), and Fulgencio Rubén Batista Godinez (1933-2007). In his second marriage, to Marta Fernandez Miranda had five children: Jorge Luis (born 1942), Robert Francis (born 1947), Carlos Manuel (1950-1969), Fulgencio Joseph (born 1953) and Maria Marta Fernandez Batista. He also had a daughter, Fermina Lazara Estevez Batista in 1935.
Fleeing Cuba, Fulgencio Batista was first established in the Dominican Republic, then in Madeira, later in Estoril, outside Lisbon and finally in Guadalmina, near Marbella where he devoted himself to writing books for the rest of his life . It was then president of a life insurance company with investments in properties and loans on the Costa del Sol in Andalucia. Batista died of a heart attack on August 6, 1973. Fulgencio Batista was buried where now stands beside the remains of his second wife Marta Fernandez at the Cemetery of San Isidro, Madrid.
Wiki/GuillermoJimenez/Bianchi/Tabares/InternetPhotos/YouTube/TheCubanHistory.com
The Cuban History, Hollywood.
Arnoldo Varona, Editor
FRANCISCO GATTORNO, “STRAWBERRY AND CHOCOLATE” ACTOR.
Francisco Alejandro Gattorno Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation: [fɾanˈsisko ɣaˈtorno]; born October 12, 1964), better known in the show business world plainly as Francisco Gattorno, is a Cuban actor.
Francisco grew up in Santa Clara. He is a son of a Canarian father, and mother whose grandparents descended from the French colonial population of Saint Domingue. He became interested in acting and directing as a young man. As a child, Gattorno became very fond of Cuban customs, such as Cuban music and sports. It was acting and directing, however, that occupied his interests more. Because of that, Gattorno studied acting, both at home in Cuba and in Mexico. He earned Mexican citizenship during the early 2000s.
In 1985, 21-year-old Gattorno made his film debut, participating as Miguel in a Cuban production Una Novia para David (“A Girlfriend for David”). Three years passed, before Gattorno got his next job in this media, in El Verano de la Señora Forbes (“The Summer of Miss Forbes”). El Verano de la Señora Forbes gave Gattorno his first exposition in Mexico and was also seen in the Netherlands. In 1989 he played a small role in 1989’s Papeles Secundarios (“Secondary Roles”).
His next job took him to Spain, as he participated in the 1992 Cuban-Spaniard production Me Alquilo Para Soñar. In 1993, Gattorno proceeded to work on another Cuban film, Sueño Tropical. Gattorno was by then a well-known actor in Cuba. His salaries, however, were comparatively small compared to those of well known actors in other Latin American countries.
Gattorno travelled to Chile before 1993 was over, to participate in filmmaker Paola Castillo’s short production, Los Perros Tambien Tienen Hambre. Los Perros Tambien Tienen Hambre runs for an approximate total of four minutes. In 1994 was a breakthrough year for Gattorno: he moved to Mexico, participating in the well-known film Fresa y Chocolate (“Strawberry and Chocolate”), a film about a homosexual who falls in love with a communist man. Gattorno played Miguel in Fresa y Chocolate.
Having established himself in Mexico, Gattorno debuted on Televisa’s telenovelas in 1995, acting as Josè Maria in La Dueña. In La Dueña, Gattorno acted alongside well-known Mexican actors such as Angélica Rivera, Salvador Sánchez and Eduardo Santamarina, among others. He also met his future wife, Cynthia Klitbo, at the time, a budding star herself.
In 1996, Gattorno acted alongside another list of well-known actors, including Costa Rican Maribel Guardia and Mexicans Joan Sebastian (Guardia’s longtime husband), Olga Breeskin, Sebastian Ligarde, Claudio Báez, Itatí Cantoral, César Bono, José Ángel Garcia, Carlos Miguel, Guadalupe Esparza (of the well-known music group Bronco) and many others in Tu y Yo, which became an international hit, becoming one of the most viewed shows among Hispanics in the United States.
Tu y Yo was followed by Cañaveral de Pasiones, where Gattorno acted alongside fellow Cuban César Évora and other well-known Mexican actors, such as Angélica Aragón and others. Cañaveral de Pasiones was an important stepping stone in Gattorno’s career; after this soap opera was over, many media outlets began to talk about his relationship with Klitbo, with whom he did not have any children.
In 1998, Gattorno participated in an action film, Engaño Mortal. He also acted as Alvaro San Roman in a telenovela named Preciosa. Gattorno and Èvora acted together once again in 1999’s Laberintos de Pasion. Laberintos de Pasion was another major Televisa hit, by then, Gattorno had become a sex symbol among females in Mexico and Latin America, and among Hispanic females in the United States. He also participated that year in Entre la Tarde y la Noche.
Gattorno and Klithbo eventually divorced; Gattorno’s fame kept growing, and, in 2000, he made his Hollywood debut, as Jorge Camacho in the low-budget film Before Night Falls. Gattorno then travelled to Colombia in 2001, to play Andres Bustamante in Amantes del Desierto. Soon after, he met Belmaris González Suazo, a Cuban ballet dancer who would become Gattorno’s second wife. The couple share two daughters, Isabella and Carolina Alicia.
Gattorno continued his 2001 work with El Noveno mandamiento. During 2002, Gattorno participated in a telenovela that was geared towards teenagers and which became a major hit: alongside Daniela Luján, Belinda Peregrin, Laura Flores and former Menudo Johnny Lozada, among others, Gattorno acted in Cómplices al rescate, a romantic story about youngsters trying to repair some broken relationships.
By then, Gattorno’s fame had made him appear on the covers of some major Spanish language magazines in the United States. Gattorno finished 2002 (and began 2003) acting in another major teenage telenovela hit, Clase 406, where he acted alongside Michelle Vieth. Gattorno then took a one year and a half hiatus from telenovelas. He used this time off, however, to appear on Don Francisco’s talk show Don Francisco Presenta, on February 4, 2004. On April 8, he appeared alongside Raúl De Molina and Lili Estefan in their gossip show, El Gordo y La Flaca, and he co-hosted El Escandalo del Mediodia alongside Charytín, from August 16 to August 20. he returned to telenovela acting, characterizing Federico in Las Lloronas, and appeared in Cristina Saralegui’s show during El Show de Cristina’s Christmas special in December of that year.
In September 2004 he began a relationship with the Spanish Repertory Theatre of New York debuting there as the Lector (Juan Julián) in the World Premiere in Spanish of Pulitzer Prize Winning Drama Ana en el trópico by Cuban playwright, Nilo Cruz. The play garnered critical acclaim and became part of the theater’s repertory of plays. It has been playing ever since. Gattorno also played Miguel in the popular comedy titled Las quiero a las dos by Ricardo Talesnik and also played a priest in Escrito y Sellado by Venezuelan playwright Isaac Chocrón. All of these plays have were directed by Repertorio Español’s Artistic Director and Co-Founder, René Buch, also Cuban.
In 2005, Gattorno hosted Premios Lo Nuestro, an important award show seen all over Latin America. He also participated in two special editions of the show, named Noche de Estrellas: Premios lo Nuestro and Lo que no se Vio de Premios lo Nuestro. In 2005, Gattorno was incorporated as a new Telemundo star in the network’s original production Tierra de Pasiones where he played the role of Pablo Gonzalez and shared credits with stars like Venezuelan actress Gabriela Spanic, Argentine actor Saul Lizaso and legendary Mexican actor and comedian Héctor Suárez.
Gattorno played Roberto in the 2005 movie La Migra, which was titled Murder on the Border to English speaking audiences. In 2006 Gattorno starred in the new Telemundo version of Julio Jimenez’s, La Viuda de Blanco where he played the role of Sebastian Blanco and shared credits with Mexican actress Itatí Cantoral. He also starred in the Panamanian film Chance which won an international award in Habana, in 2010. He also returned in 2009 to Mexican telenovelas with his appearance alongside Sabine Moussier in the Televisa telenovela Mi Pecado. He played Rodolfo Huerta, father of Julian Eugenio Siller and Josue (Diego Amozurrutia), husband of Justina and he plays a teacher. In 2009, He will play his Antonella’s father Violeta Isfel in Atrévete a soñar.
In 2012, he returned to the telenovela with his friends Altair Jarabo and Sabine Moussier, along with fellow Cuban actor and friend César Évora in 1996. In the new version of Abismo de pasion is based on the remake of Cañaveral de Pasiones. He played Braulio is a Gabino and Lucio’s boss of Arango Pepper Processing Company (La Anita/Santa Maria)’s peppers worker, he is the stepfather of Vicente (Adriano Zendejas) and husband of Antonia (Vanessa Arias). In 2012, he joined the cast of the telenovela Amores verdaderos (telenovela), playing Santino “Salsero” Roca, the main antagonist / main villain of the story.
In 2013, he joined the cast of the telenovela Lo Que La Vida Me Robó playing Sandro Navarez, the secondary villain.
Telenovelas.
Lo Que La Vida Me Robó (2013-14) – Sandro Navarez (Villian)
Amores verdaderos (telenovela) (2012–13) – Santino “Salsero” Roca (Villain Principal)
Abismo de pasion (2012) – Braulio
Atrévete a soñar (2009) – Carlos Rincón
Mi pecado (2009) – Rodolfo Huerta
La viuda de Blanco (2006–2007) – Sebastián Blanco Albarracin
Tierra de pasiones (2006) – Pablo González
Decisiones (series de 2005-2007)
Corazones al límite (2004) – Lic. Mendoza
Clase 406 (2002–2003) – Santiago Cadavid/Luis Felipe Villasana… 3° Temporada
Cómplices al rescate (2001) – Alberto del Río
Amantes del desierto (2001) – Andres Bustamante
El noveno mandamiento (2001) – Rodrigo Betancourt
Laberintos de pasión (1999) – Pedro Valencia
Preciosa (1998) – Álvaro San Román
Tú y yo (1996) – Ricardo
Cañaveral de pasiones (1996) – Juan de Dios
La dueña (1995) – José María Cortez.
Agencies/Various/Wiki/InternetPhotos/youtube/thecubanhistory.com
The Cuban History, Hollywood.
Arnoldo Varona, Editor.
CUBA PHOTOS.
FRANCISCO GATTORNO, “FRESA Y CHOCOLATE”, “ABISMO DE PASIÓN” ACTOR..
Francisco Alejandro Gattorno Sánchez nacido el 12 de octubre de 1964), más conocido en el mundo del espectáculo claramente como Francisco Gattorno, es un actor cubano.
Francisco creció en Santa Clara. Él es hijo de un padre canario y madre cuyos abuelos descendientes de la población colonial francesa de Saint Domingue. Se interesó por la actuación y dirección en su juventud. Cuando era niño, Gattorno volvió muy aficionado a la aduana cubana, como la música y el deporte cubano. Se estaba actuando y dirigiendo, sin embargo, que ocupaba sus intereses más. Debido a eso, Gattorno estudió actuación, tanto en casa como en Cuba y en México. Obtuvo la ciudadanía mexicana durante la década de 2000.
En 1985, 21 años de edad, Gattorno debutó en el cine, participando como Miguel en una producción cubana Una Novia párr David (“Una novia para David”). Pasaron tres años, antes de Gattorno consiguió su próximo trabajo en este medio de comunicación, en El Verano de la Señora Forbes (“El verano de la señora Forbes”). El Verano de la Señora Forbes dio Gattorno su primera exposición en México y también se observó en los Países Bajos. En 1989 interpretó un pequeño papel en la de 1989 Papeles secundarios (“Papeles secundarios”).
Su siguiente trabajo lo llevó a España, ya que participó en el 1992 la producción cubano-español Me Alquilo Para Soñar. En 1993, Gattorno procedió a trabajar en otra película cubana, Sueño Tropical. Gattorno era para entonces un actor muy conocido en Cuba. Sus salarios, sin embargo, eran relativamente pequeñas en comparación con las de actores conocidos en otros países de América Latina.
Gattorno viajó a Chile antes de 1993 había terminado, a participar en la producción de cortos del cineasta Paola Castillo, Los Perros Tambien Tienen Hambre. Los Perros Tambien Tienen Hambre tiene una duración de un total aproximado de cuatro minutos. En el año 1994 fue un año decisivo para Gattorno: se trasladó a México, participando en la conocida película Fresa y Chocolate (“Fresa y Chocolate”), una película sobre un homosexual que se enamora de un hombre comunista. Gattorno jugó Miguel en Fresa y Chocolate.
Habiéndose establecido en México, Gattorno debutó en las telenovelas de Televisa en 1995, en calidad de José María en La Dueña. En La Dueña, Gattorno actuó junto a actores mexicanos conocidos como Angélica Rivera, Salvador Sánchez y Eduardo Santamarina, entre otros. También conoció a su futura esposa, Cynthia Klitbo, en ese momento, una estrella en ciernes a sí misma.
En 1996, Gattorno actuó junto a otra lista de conocidos actores, entre ellos Costa Rica, Maribel Guardia y mexicanos Joan Sebastian (de toda la vida al marido de Guardia), Olga Breeskin, Sebastián Ligarde, Claudio Báez, Itatí Cantoral, César Bono, José Ángel García, Carlos Miguel , Guadalupe Esparza (del conocido grupo musical Bronco) y muchos otros en Tu y Yo, que se convirtió en un éxito internacional, convirtiéndose en uno de los programas más vistos entre los hispanos en los Estados Unidos.
Tu y Yo fue seguido de Cañaveral de Pasiones, donde Gattorno actuó junto a su compatriota cubano César Évora y otros actores mexicanos bien conocidos, tales como Angélica Aragón y otros. Cañaveral de Pasiones es un escalón importante en la carrera de Gattorno; después de esta telenovela terminó, muchos medios de comunicación comenzaron a hablar sobre su relación con Klitbo, con quien no tuvo hijos.
En 1998, Gattorno participó en una película de acción, Engaño Mortal. También actuó como Álvaro San Román en una telenovela llamada Preciosa. Gattorno y Évora actuaron juntos una vez más en 1999 de Laberintos de pasión. Laberintos de Pasión fue otro gran éxito de Televisa, para entonces, Gattorno había convertido en un símbolo sexual entre las mujeres en México y América Latina, y entre las mujeres hispanas en los Estados Unidos. También participó ese año en Entre la Tarde y la Noche.
Gattorno y Klithbo finalmente se divorciaron; La fama de Gattorno fue creciendo y, en 2000, hizo su debut en Hollywood, como Jorge Camacho en la película de bajo presupuesto antes de que anochezca. Gattorno luego viajó a Colombia en 2001, para jugar Andrés Bustamante en Amantes del Desierto. Poco después, conoció a Belmaris González Suazo, una bailarina de ballet cubano que se convertiría en la segunda esposa de Gattorno. Los dos comparten dos hijas, Isabel y Carolina Alicia.
Gattorno continuó su trabajo 2001 con El noveno mandamiento. Durante 2002, Gattorno participó en una telenovela que fue dirigido a adolescentes y que se convirtió en un gran éxito: junto a Daniela Luján, Belinda Peregrin, Laura Flores y el ex Menudo Johnny Lozada, entre otros, Gattorno actuó en Cómplices al rescate, una historia romántica sobre los jóvenes tratando de reparar algunas relaciones rotas.
Para entonces, la fama de Gattorno había hecho aparecer en las portadas de algunas de las principales revistas en español en los Estados Unidos. Gattorno terminó 2002 (y comenzó 2003) que actúan en otro golpe importante telenovela adolescente, Clase 406, donde actuó junto a Michelle Vieth. Gattorno luego tomó un año y medio hiato de telenovelas. Utilizó este tiempo libre, sin embargo, para que aparezca en talk show de Don Francisco Don Francisco Presenta, el 4 de febrero de 2004. El 8 de abril, apareció junto a Raúl De Molina y Lili Estefan en su programa de chismes, El Gordo y La Flaca, y fue co-organizado El Escándalo del Mediodía junto Charytín, del 16 de agosto al 20 de agosto regresó a telenovela actuación, caracterizando Federico en Las Lloronas, y apareció en el show de Cristina Saralegui durante la Navidad de El Show de Cristina especial en diciembre de ese año.
En septiembre de 2004 comenzó una relación con el Teatro de Repertorio Español de Nueva York debutó allí como el Lector (Juan Julián) en el estreno mundial en español del Premio Pulitzer de Drama Ganar Ana en el trópico por el dramaturgo cubano Nilo Cruz. La obra obtuvo elogios de la crítica y se convirtió en parte del repertorio del teatro de obras de teatro. Ha estado jugando desde entonces. Gattorno también jugó Miguel en la popular comedia titulada Las quiero a las dos de Ricardo Talesnik y también jugó un sacerdote en Escrito y Sellado por el dramaturgo venezolano Isaac Chocrón. Todas estas obras han fueron dirigidas por el Director del Repertorio Español Artístico y Co-Fundador, René Buch, también cubano.
En 2005, Gattorno acogió Premios Lo Nuestro, una demostración de la concesión importante visto en toda América Latina. También participó en dos ediciones especiales de la serie, llamado Noche de Estrellas: Premios lo Nuestro y Lo que no se Vio de Premios lo Nuestro. En 2005, Gattorno fue incorporada como una nueva estrella de Telemundo en la producción original de la red Tierra de Pasiones, donde interpretó el papel de Pablo González y compartió créditos con estrellas como la actriz venezolana Gabriela Spanic, actor argentino Saúl Lizaso y el legendario actor y comediante mexicano Héctor Suárez .
Gattorno jugó Roberto en la película de 2005 La Migra, que fue titulado Asesinato en la frontera para el público de habla inglesa. En 2006 Gattorno protagonizó la nueva versión de Telemundo de Julio Jiménez de, La Viuda de Blanco, donde interpretó el papel de Sebastián Blanco y créditos con la actriz mexicana Itatí Cantoral compartió. También protagonizó la película panameña probabilidad que ganó un premio internacional en La Habana, en 2010. También volvió en 2009 a las telenovelas mexicanas con su aparición junto a Sabine Moussier en la telenovela de Televisa Mi Pecado. Jugó Rodolfo Huerta, padre de Julian Eugenio Siller y Josué (Diego Amozurrutia), esposo de Justina y que interpreta a un profesor. En 2009, él jugará de su padre Antonella Violeta Isfel en Atrévete a soñar.
En 2012, regresó a la telenovela con sus amigos Altair Jarabo y Sabine Moussier, junto con el actor cubano compañero y amigo César Évora en 1996. En la nueva versión del Abismo de pasión se basa en el remake de Cañaveral de Pasiones. Jugó Braulio es un Gabino y el jefe de Lucio de Arango Pimienta Processing Company (La Anita / Santa Maria) ‘s pimientos trabajador, éste es el padrastro de Vicente (Adriano Zendejas) y esposo de Antonia (Vanessa Arias). En 2012, se unió al elenco de la telenovela Amores verdaderos (telenovela), jugando Santino “Salsero” Roca, el principal antagonista / villano principal de la historia.
En 2013, se unió al elenco de la telenovela Lo que la vida me robó jugando Sandro Navarez, el villano secundario.
Telenovelas.
Lo que la vida me robó (2013-14) – Sandro Navarez (Villian)
Amores verdaderos (telenovela) (2012-13) – Santino “Salsero” Roca (Villano Principal)
Abismo de pasión (2012) – Braulio
Atrévete a soñar (2009) – Carlos Rincón
Mi pecado (2009) – Rodolfo Huerta
La viuda de Blanco (2006-2007) – Sebastián Blanco Albarracin
Tierra de pasiones (2006) – Pablo González
Decisiones (serie de 2005 a 2007)
Corazones al límite (2004) – Lic. Mendoza
Clase 406 (2002-2003) – Santiago Cadavid / Luis Felipe Villasana … 3 ° Temporada
Cómplices al rescate (2001) – Alberto del Río
Amantes del desierto (2001) – Andrés Bustamante
El noveno mandamiento (2001) – Rodrigo Betancourt
Laberintos de pasión (1999) – Pedro Valencia
Preciosa (1998) – Álvaro San Román
Tú y yo (1996) – Ricardo
Cañaveral de pasiones (1996) – Juan de Dios
La dueña (1995) – José María Cortez.
Agencias / Varios / Wiki / InternetPhotos / youtube / thecubanhistory.com
La Historia de Cuba, de Hollywood.
Arnoldo Varona, Editor.
![francisco gatorno[carso]630](https://www.thecubanhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/francisco-gatornocarso630.jpg)
